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GPhC Pre-Reg Exam Preparation Specialists
The cardiovascular system is one of the high-weighted therapeutic areas and is something you will come across quite frequently in real-life scenarios. It is a large section that has various branches such as: hypertension, heart failure, angina, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis.
Some of the key drug classes which you may come across (if not in the exam, then highly likely in practice) include diuretics, anti-arrhythmic drugs, Beta-blockers, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors, Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARB), calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants, and antiplatelets.
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CARDIAC GLCYOSIDE: DIGOXIN | |||
Drug action | What is it used for? | Cautions | (Very) common side effects |
Intracellular sodium
Calcium in the heart
Myocardial contraction
Conductivity in atrioventricular node | · Atrial fibrillation or flutter · Heart failure (sinus rhythm) · Emergency loading dose (atrial fibrillation or flutter) | Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium
Oxygen | · Arrhythmias · Cardiac conduction disorder · Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea · Dizziness · Eosinophilia · Skin reactions · Vision disorders |
ANTICOAGULANT: WARFARIN | |||
Drug action | What is it used for? | Cautions | (Very) common side effects |
· Warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase
Vitamin K production Synthesis of active clotting factors | · Prophylaxis of embolisation in rheumatic heart disease & atrial fibrillation · Prophylaxis after prosthetic heart valve has been inserted · Prophylaxis & treatment of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism · Transient ischaemic attacks | · Hypo/hyperthyroidism · Bacterial endocarditis · Conditions that increase the risk of bleeding · Peptic ulcer · Recent surgery | · Bleeding/bruising · Haemorrhage to any site of the body |